This literature review explores the historical context of Hawaiian sovereignty and the subsequent impacts of the illegal annexation of Hawai'i on Native Hawaiians. The Hawaiian sovereignty provided a framework of empowerment for Native Hawaiians. It highlights the emphasis on education and the high literacy rates achieved by Native Hawaiians. Queen Lili'uokalani's advocacy efforts, such as the Queen Lili'uokalani Trust and her initiatives for Hawaiian girls' education, demonstrate her commitment to supporting the welfare of Native Hawaiians and preserving their cultural heritage. However, the United States illegally annexed Hawai’i. In 1893, the Committee of Safety orchestrated a coup, backed by armed forces, which violated international law and the Treaty of Friendship between the United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom. The illegal annexation led to the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy and the recognition of Hawai'i as a U.S. state. The research further explores the impact of tourism on Native Hawaiians. The tourism industry resulted in the marginalization of Native Hawaiians through the commodification of their culture. The significant number of tourists visiting Hawai'i each year has caused a demographic imbalance, where Native Hawaiians have become a minority within their own lands. By examining the historical events and ongoing consequences, this research seeks to develop a historical analysis and inform readers on challenges Native Hawaiians have faced due to the illegal annexation and tourism industry. The goal of this research is to raise awareness on the Hawaiian sovereignty and ethical tourism.

Religion is an important aspect of people’s lives. This is no different in the nations of Central Asia. The nations of Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and especially Kyrgyzstan, all have considered Islam a part of their identity this was changed once Kyrgyzstan was absorbed in 1936 as religion became prohibited under Soviet role and mosques became factories. The aim of this paper is to examine how the Soviet Union played a role in establishing a different social structure than that previously set by Islamic beliefs; it will also examine the cultural concept of bride kidnapping, which is a practice that was ongoing before Kyrgyzstan joined the Soviet Union. When Kyrgyzstan became part of the USSR, bride kidnapping was banned along with religion, which made it hard to continue practicing Islam. The tradition of bride kidnapping has been brought into question on whether it violates human rights, especially women’s rights in Kyrgyzstan. Even though it’s a practice that has been around for centuries, people debate whether this practice is holding back the democratic progress of Kyrgyzstan. Women’s rights in Kyrgyzstan have been closely examined since bride kidnapping was reinstated, and previous research shows it has had a negative impact on society because it has led women to commit suicide. Therefore, this tradition has inhibited Kyrgyzstan’s transition into a democratic nation.

This literature review examines the relationship between tribalism and the economic history of African development post colonial rule. Tribalism can be defined as structured social formations that exude loyalty within individuals through associated ties (Ekeh 1990). Pre-Colonial rule, African societies naturally produced tribes that were governed through indigenous systems of governance. However, following Africa's "Great Scramble" in the early twentieth century, many European colonialists destroyed these structures by subsuming them under an exploitative form of eurocentric rule. In other words, Europeans created strategies designed to extract resources and maintain control over African societies. A characteristic in all the pernicious structures of rule was the notion of tribal favoritism, in which one tribe is frequently favored over others in marketplaces of scarce resources (Gluckman 1960). Triablim has caused a host of problems for emerging Africa nations both politically and culturally. For instance, new age tribalism has been linked to a number of cases of violence among tribal groups. A well known example, is the Rwandan Genocide of 1994 among the Tutsi and Hutu groups. Tribalism impedes economic progress by generating social and economic divisions that limit cooperation and collaboration among varied groups. This can lead to a breakdown in social cohesion, making the establishment of institutions that promote economic growth and development more challenging.