This literature review examines how energy drink consumption worsens natural circadian phase delays in young adults aged 18–25. The review synthesizes recent cross-sectional and neurobiological research to evaluate the mechanisms driving the circadian phase delays. Mechanistically, caffeine directly shifts the human melatonin rhythm, and population studies link energy drink use to poorer, shorter sleep. Sleep deprivation has an impact on synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, oxidative damage, and neuroinflammation, all of which reduce the accuracy of memories, cognitive flexibility, and attention. The review concludes with recommendations for further research and education on the prolonged consequences of energy drink consumption and circadian phase delays.