My thesis explores and analyzes the religious history of Pennsylvania and Massachusetts in the late seventeenth century through a focus on one prominent Quaker in particular, William Penn, and his framework for Pennsylvania as a religiously tolerant colony. It outlines Penn as a Quaker and a political founder, analyzing Penn’s religious beliefs as they connect to his ideas on toleration and government. It also analyzes Massachusetts Puritans, comparing their lack of religious toleration to Quakers in Pennsylvania. My thesis argues that Penn’s Holy Experiment was related to Quaker doctrine, namely that Penn championed religious toleration through the denomination’s belief in what I term “self-serving salvation.” I also argue that the Puritans in Massachusetts were particularly intolerant towards the Quakers due to the Friends’ lack of faith in Biblical Scripture as the ultimate authority. I argue that Penn’s ideas on government were inherently more structured than Quaker doctrine to ensure these religious freedoms. This thesis uses primary, archival, and secondary sources, including William Penn’s writings, letters from his contemporaries, Massachusetts laws, and sermons from those who influenced these colonies, to advance these arguments. Ultimately, these analyses have implications beyond the historical context of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is important to analyze the different doctrinal relationships within the American colonies to further understand the values embedded in the birth of the United States.

The increasing globalization of displacement for people in the United States and other nation-states has positioned legal scholars and other disciplines as critical in reassessing our affairs and definitions of immigrant law, human rights, and citizenship. The US has maintained a polity through immigration enforcement in education, labor, private and public spaces within sanctuary cities and other borders resulting in targeting social liberties of noncitizens results with displacement, statelessness and undocumentedness. My research asks, "how has immigration law produced problems and created displacement." Additionally, by studying the social identities of ghost citizens, I seek to build an analysis of immigration law that can reconstruct nationality and address issues of legal displacement and citizenship. In search of literature for legal scholars to present material for sanctuary cities to consider legal recognition of displaced people as citizens. This research proposal is to demonstrate the importance to reconstruct immigration law through critical race and decolonial frameworks coming together. It is necessary to include it for advancement in scholarly work that is researching contemporary analysis to study the unjust constructs of statelessness and undocumentedness that excludes them to a right to exist in American nationality by de jure and de facto. The significance of this research is to intersect immigration law scholarship and theorize civil rights and immigration law and to consider just international law.

In 1764, Johann Winckelmann wrote a book, The History of Art in Antiquity, earning him the title of the 'Father of Art History'. Beloved by many and highly influential, his book explored art from various cultures, such as the Egyptians, Etruscans, and Romans. However, these cultures, peoples, and their art were compared to the Greeks, whom Winckelmann viewed as the definite and superior culture. My research asked the question of how Winckelmann racialised these various peoples and how his conception of beauty affects us today. Primary sources include Winckelmann's History of Art in Antiquity. Secondary sources included articles and books written on Winckelmann by scholars such as Daniel Orrells and Barbara Maria Stafford; books on beauty during the Renaissance period; and race in Classicism. Through examination of this literature, I have found that Winckelmann racialised people by attaching characteristics to people based not only on their art and culture, but also through their bodies, comparing them to the idealised Greek male body. Winckelmann's perception of an idealised beauty as well as his idea of white Greek statues, have pervaded throughout the centuries, and these conceptions are still alive and well to this day.

How did an international organization led by the “free West” and a socialist state barred from most international organizations for much of the Cold War interact amid the rising tide of global neoliberalism since the 1980s? Grounded in an analysis of ILO archival documents and Chinese state policy, this study intends to examine the relationship between the ILO and China throughout the tumultuous 20th century, while also tracking the development of two concurrent systems of labor and their evolution during the period. Research often focuses on the ILO or China as standalone, either domestically or as an individual actor within a global scene. Few discuss not only the direct cooperation between these entities, but also the ways their development is interconnected: both to each other and to the course of global history. This work points to the tumultuous changes between the ILO and China, but also the ways the ILO meets China in the area of labor rights, and in its economic and social policymaking regarding labor. It identifies how the ILO assisted China in handling employment issues, while also interrogating the ILO’s position in China’s market economy transition.